They are our grandparents, our relatives, our frie Essay Example For Students

They are our grandparents, our family members, our frie Essay nds. Theyare the migrants. They originated from everywhere throughout the world for manyreasons, for example, strict oppression and racial strain, yet thelargest explanation behind coming to America was for opportunity. The opportunity tolive where we need, to claim property, to participate in the governmentand above all, the opportunity to be dealt with like an individual. Coming over was amazingly troublesome. For a few, there weregood, stable pontoons, yet most vessels were packed, grimy, anddisgusting. For Jews, the section was amazingly troublesome on the grounds that ofthe non-legitimate boat food. Individuals were pushed together like steers. The vast majority got nauseous. From one record came depictions ofunsanitary washrooms. This, without a doubt, probably been torment, but,hopefully, most foreigners saw the ghastly outing as worth thefreedom at the opposite end. Ellis Island, likewise, was a long way from sterile. The individuals wouldbreak down into lines, and stroll by a specialist, attempting to stow away anyphysical issues. Youngsters more than two must have the option to walk bythemselves. On the off chance that the specialist saw anything incorrectly he would utilize a pieceof chalk to show the individual required further examination. In the event that, this wasindeed the case, the individual would be put aside in an enclosure. Another test was that of rational soundness. A translator would ask eachperson a couple of inquiries just to locate a reasonable response to test mentalstability. The last and most dreaded specialist checked for ailment bylifting the eyelid. He frightened kids, and most likely spread moredisease than the individuals he checked. From an observer account, hisgloves were not sterile, and he didn't change or even wash thembetween assessments. I, myself, discovered this nauseating, and hazardous. At that point, outsiders documented into lines by nationality to bequestioned. The inquiries frightened numerous individuals. Should they tell thetruth or lie. Which answer would ensure that they could remain inAmerica. Afterward, for Jews, help came. A gathering called the HebrewImmigrant Aid Society, (HIAS) came clean with them to tell, and helpedthem through the period between leaving the vessel and getting settledin the west. A few authorities were degenerate, and permitted pay-offs. Thismakes me wonder, if this was the place that is known for opportunity and equity as it hadbeen asserted. Through the trial, one thing is sure. All of theimmigrants going through Ellis Island were frightened and confounded. Itwas one inclination that the greater part of these individuals would presumably be uncovered tofor the following scarcely any months. There were numerous limitations. Individuals with certain diseaseswould be sent back. Laws, for example, the Chinese Exclusion Act, would notlet certain nationalities into America. In the mid twentieth centuryit was concluded that Japanese individuals would not be permitted into America. This was clearly not the place that is known for freedom that had been guaranteed by ourforefathers. One of the nationalities going to America were Jews. They were dealt with fairly in an unexpected way. This was most likely becausemany of their nations would not acknowledge them. The main Jews in the new world were Morranos from Spain. Theyfled their country in light of the probe. They made a trip fromSpain to South America, and afterward to New Amsterdam. They, from the start wererejected by Peter Stuyvesant, yet requested of the Dutch West IndiaCompany of Amsterdam, Holland, and, in the end were allowed into thecolony. Stuyvesant was resolved to make life hard for the Jews, andtherefore denied them the option to construct a gathering place. Fortunately, for theJews, the province was destined to be taken over by the British. Undercertain British naturalization laws, the Jews had the option to manufacture asynagogue in the province. .ub198640d3dc66dd4348a36aaebeea3db , .ub198640d3dc66dd4348a36aaebeea3db .postImageUrl , .ub198640d3dc66dd4348a36aaebeea3db .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ub198640d3dc66dd4348a36aaebeea3db , .ub198640d3dc66dd4348a36aaebeea3db:hover , .ub198640d3dc66dd4348a36aaebeea3db:visited , .ub198640d3dc66dd4348a36aaebeea3db:active { border:0!important; } .ub198640d3dc66dd4348a36aaebeea3db .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ub198640d3dc66dd4348a36aaebeea3db { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ub198640d3dc66dd4348a36aaebeea3db:active , .ub198640d3dc66dd4348a36aaebeea3db:hover { mistiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ub198640d3dc66dd4348a36aaebeea3db .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ub198640d3dc66dd4348a36aaebeea3db .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .ub198640d3dc66dd4348a36aaebeea3db .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ub198640d3dc66dd4348a36aaebeea3db .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-design: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub198640d3dc66dd4348a36aaebeea3db:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ub198640d3dc66dd4348a36aaebeea3db .fo cused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ub198640d3dc66dd4348a36aaebeea3db-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ub198640d3dc66dd4348a36aaebeea3db:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Organizational conduct EssayJews in Savannah were acknowledged, however just to a certain extent. This wasbecause of Samuel Nunes, a Jewish specialist who assisted with halting a diseasethat had just slaughtered numerous individuals. And still, after all that, Jews were given landaway from the fundamental town. In the American Revolution Jews didn't takeany explicit sides. Some accepted that the opportunity that they hadgained under the English guideline would be lost. Other felt that the taxeswere too high and joined the Patriots. Afterward, in the Civil War, Jews favored one side as every other person. Their area meant the world. Jews in the north favored theUnion, and Jews in the south agreed with the Confederacy. Shockingly, a law was passed by Congress disallowing JewishChaplains in the Union armed force. Congress later passed a law expressing thatchaplains must be priests of some strict section, whichincluded Christian clergymen and Jewish rabbis. At that point, more difficulty sought the Jews. Ulysees S. Award orderedthat all Jews in the conditions of Kentucky and Tennessee were to beremoved. Luckily, Lincoln dropped the request when he foundout. Afterward, somewhere in the range of 1880 and 1925, numerous Jews came to America to escapeanti semitism. One of the demonstrations of hostile to semitism was church supportedviolence against Jews in Eastern Europe (before World War I), whichwas legitimate. There were likewise laws which oppressed Jews. InRussia, an autocrat had been killed, and Jews were accused out of fearof a transformation. This caused a surge of workers into the UnitedStates. A large portion of Americas celebrated individuals are dropped from immigrantsif they are not foreigners themselves. Individuals, similar to Albert Einstein, afamous physicist, and Henry Kissinger, who was Secretary of State, andhelped to open up dealings with China, were Jewish settlers. Individuals like Bob Hope, who was conceived in England, have contributed richlyto our way of life. Charlie Chaplin, likewise from England, was a quiet moviestar. America is made of various societies, all of which havecontributed to the American lifestyle. Jews contributed specialists andlawyers. Japanese are PC and business benefactors. Koreans arewell instructed and have been associated with numerous expert, technical,and administrative vocations. African Americans have contributed music,science, writing, diversion, and numerous different things to ourculture. Our way of life is gotten from a wide range of ones, and cannotbe separated into which gathering contributes what in light of the fact that each grouphas accomplished such a great deal. This demonstrates Americans are not only one individuals. We areindividuals from various societies. We are unique, however we are allAmericans. BibliographyAsian Americans Groliers Online Encyclopedia. 1991 ed. Chinese Exclusion Act Groliers Online Encyclopedia. 1991 ed. Ellis Island Funk Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. 1986 ed. Fallows, James. The Mind of Japan U.S. News and World Report 2December 1983: 36Howe, Irving. Universe of Our Fathers. New York and London: HarcourtBrace Jovanovich, 1976Interview with Mollie Greenblatt, Brooklyn, New York 1991Interview with Nathan Laks, Elizabeth, New Jersey 1991Kenvin, Helen Schwartz. This Land of Liberty A History of AmericasJews. West Orange, New Jersey: Behrman House Publishers, 1986.

Appositives and Descriptions

Appositives and Descriptions Appositives and Descriptions Appositives and Descriptions By Mark Nichol Scholars effectively befuddle an appositive (an engaging word or expression that is identical to an individual, spot, or thing that is named) with an expression that basically portrays an individual, spot, or thing named, or make disarray by inaccurately wording or accentuating an appositive or a depiction. The accompanying sentences exhibit different sorts of such blunders. 1. My name is John Smith, item chief for Global Tetrahedron. This development makes the feeling that â€Å"product chief for Global Tetrahedron† is a piece of John Smith’s name. That piece of the sentence must be made unmistakable from the principle condition as the premise of a different autonomous proviso (â€Å"My name is John Smith, and I am item supervisor for Global Tetrahedron†) or the subject must be rephrased with the goal that the sentence conventionally recognizes John Smith as opposed to determining what as far as anyone knows comprises his name (â€Å"I am John Smith, item director for Global Tetrahedron†). 2. Jane Jones, leader of World Wide Widgets reported that the organization will combine its product offering. The expression â€Å"president of World Wide Widgets† is an appositive of â€Å"Jane Jones† (Jane Jones is the leader of World Wide Widgets, and the leader of World Wide Widgets is Jane Jones), so one must be set off incidentally from the other: â€Å"Jane Jones, leader of World Wide Widgets, declared that the organization will combine its item line.† 3. Jeb Bush’s nearness in the race and his raising money potential werent enough to discourage individual Floridian, Senator Marco Rubio, and in excess of twelve different Republicans from entering the race. Incorporation of a comma between a clear expression and the thing or thing phrase it depicts, as appeared here, is an uncontrolled uncorrected blunder that urges much more journalists to commit the error. The issue is the similarity of a basic distinct expression, for example, â€Å"fellow Floridian† to an appositive expression, for example, â€Å"a individual Floridian,† which is incidental and in this way extra without giving up understanding or fulfillment. In any case, â€Å"Fellow Floridian† can't be extracted from the sentence, nor can â€Å"Senator Marco Rubio,† which has been treated as a discretionary incidental. To determine the issue, erase the incidental commas (yet in addition erase Senator, which contends with â€Å"fellow Floridian† as a descriptor) or basically embed a preceding â€Å"fellow Floridian† (and hold Senator): â€Å"Jeb Bush’s nearness in the race and his gathering pledges potential werent enough to prevent individual Floridian Marco Rubio and in excess of twelve different Republicans from entering the race† or â€Å"Jeb Bush’s nearness in the race and his raising money potential werent enough to discourage a kindred Floridian, Senator Marco Rubio, and in excess of twelve different Republicans from entering the race.† Need to improve your English shortly a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the Grammar classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowTaser or Tazer? Tazing or Tasering?List of 50 Compliments and Nice Things to Say!

Hazing Essay Example For Students

Inception Essay Inception: Is it extremely essential?: Having never been or needing to be ina brotherhood. I havent made sense of why they pick such ludicrous hazingrituals who might need to be mocked, mortified, or potentially genuinely mishandled bysomeone who will later be your sibling. Lives have been taken numerous timesby these right of passage ceremonies organizations despite everything keep on harming individuals. On the off chance that thesepeople should be your companions, who needs foes?- =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-Category:Social IssuesPaper Title:Hazing: Is it truly necessary?Text:Hazing: Is it truly necessary?Having never been or needing to be in a society. I havent figured outwhy they pick such absurd preliminaries customs who might need to be ridiculed,humiliated, or potentially genuinely manhandled by somebody who will later be your sibling. Lives have been taken commonly by these right of passage ceremonies and organizations stillcontinue to hurt individuals. In the event that these individuals should be your companions, whoneeds enemies?Hazing has been around for a long time and without knowing it, a great deal morepeople than one would might suspect have kicked the bucket from right of passage and inceptions. The firstreported was in 1905 in Lima, Ohio school It was discovered that WilliamTaylor a multi year old kid passed on of pneumonia brought about by when schoolmates set snowdown his back. (Watts/Grolier) As the years have passed by the right of passage stillcontinue and were on an ascent however gradually turning out to be pointless in light of the fact that such huge numbers of areputting it down. Preliminaries is one of the primary issues that encompass crews. Inception is theinitiating of promises to drink unreasonable amounts of liquor, devour largequantities of food, or submit to beatings with an oar. Since passings andserious wounds have come to fruition from inception most states sanction laws prohibitingit. The demonstrations of right of passage in the entirety of its signs are pointless and haveproved to make hurt people, families and the professions of promising menand ladies (Butler, 88)Hazing isn't simply known in societies and sororities. Right of passage has beenfound in the military, sports, groups and now in secondary schools. Practically half thehigh school understudies who addressed an across the nation overview said they were made to eatdisgusting things, misuse liquor or tranquilizes or perform embarrassing or illicit actsto join athletic groups, the band, even church gatherings. (Rights of passage not A3)Younger individuals have consistently been instructed to admire their companions. What collegestudents do secondary school and even center school understudies are going to need toimitate what the more established understudies do. They feel that some youthful youngsters participatein these right of passage customs to have a since of having a place, it is to terrible that you ngchildren need to take an interest in these sorts of exercises just to make them feellike they fit in. The military has the most incredible preliminaries ceremonies. The Marines are givenbasic preparing week and in the event that you complete the paratroopers preparing they are giventheir brilliant wings. The wings are a pin with two half-inch jutting pointson the back. In some cases, with that military love of macho custom, the pin is evenproudly pounded into a marines chest to draw a little celebratory blood. (Gleick30) Some marines feel that since sticking has a long history in the corps, and afew youthful jarheads flippantly call is a Marine sewing circle, demanding thatthe custom is an indispensable piece of Marine holding. Somebody with something wrongwith them would do something like this to themselves. Military specialists demand thatthey will do everything they can to forestall such right of passage later on. On the off chance that they thinkthat the authority of the Marine Corps accepts that bating on their fellowMarine makes for a superior warrior, theyd better get themselv es a newoccupation. Expressed an irate general. .ua4957e39e8db99834bbf9c75a94af764 , .ua4957e39e8db99834bbf9c75a94af764 .postImageUrl , .ua4957e39e8db99834bbf9c75a94af764 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ua4957e39e8db99834bbf9c75a94af764 , .ua4957e39e8db99834bbf9c75a94af764:hover , .ua4957e39e8db99834bbf9c75a94af764:visited , .ua4957e39e8db99834bbf9c75a94af764:active { border:0!important; } .ua4957e39e8db99834bbf9c75a94af764 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ua4957e39e8db99834bbf9c75a94af764 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ua4957e39e8db99834bbf9c75a94af764:active , .ua4957e39e8db99834bbf9c75a94af764:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ua4957e39e8db99834bbf9c75a94af764 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: r elative; } .ua4957e39e8db99834bbf9c75a94af764 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enrichment: underline; } .ua4957e39e8db99834bbf9c75a94af764 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ua4957e39e8db99834bbf9c75a94af764 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua4957e39e8db99834bbf9c75a94af764:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ua4957e 39e8db99834bbf9c75a94af764 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ua4957e39e8db99834bbf9c75a94af764-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ua4957e39e8db99834bbf9c75a94af764:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Harry Potter Essay ThesisAnother bunch that has hard to think initiation are packs, for young lady groups Theyhave to expose themselves to being 'hopped in or whipped by all the girlsin the posse (Vida 80) After the young ladies are bounced in they are not donewith what they need to do to remain in the group. Posse young ladies might be asked to doan outfitted theft or execute foe group individuals. (80)Fraternities feel that there is nothing amiss with the rights of passage or ought to Isay, inception conventions are finance and unite a group. (Shouldsports, 26) The holding of the siblings isn't something that ought to hurtanyone, and ought to at long last bring them closer more tight with the goal that they will have afriend forever. Not realizing that your companion is really you foe and that such a large number of have

Behaviors and Processes team leadership project and time management essays

Practices and Processes group administration task and time the board expositions It is frequently attested that life is an excursion, not a goal. In different words, the way toward learning as a gathering is regularly progressively informative than a survey of an individual or even an aggregate last item. One of the most informative parts of filling in as a group is the capacity to watch what's more, fundamentally assess distinctive time the board procedures over the course of the learning procedure. To do so is especially basic in the universe of business, especially organizations the grasp people from a For example, unique social settings have various methodologies towards time and time the board. It has been narratively just as regarding human sciences saw that a few societies, (for example, France and Italy) have an extremely diffuse disposition towards reliability, where one's person social and quick social relevant needs regularly conquer the craving to meet explicit time objectives. Thus,10am' can mean whenever from 9:45 to 10:30. Other, increasingly dependable societies, for example, our own are considerably more concentrated on the objective of meeting at explicit hours. One ongoing outsider to America remarked the Yellow Pages were something fresh out of the box new for me when I first showed up in the U.S. I despite everything had the propensity for setting off to a store just to discover that it didn't have what I required. My better half used to ask, Didn't you call before going there'' The idea of calling early requires arranging and a future direction, where my childhood was in a present- Indeed, even inside the U.S., obviously, Northeasterners should be considerably more fixated on meeting explicit time cutoff points and adjusting to explicit injuries than those from the West Coast and South. Indeed, even inside our own group varieties in transient mentalities were watched. Pinnacle and valley execution and times This doesn't imply that one disposition towards time the executives is ... <!

Love is a Bitch in Amores Perros Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Love is a Bitch in Amores Perros - Term Paper Example The film is anything but an oversimplified scrutinize of the Mexican culture. Or maybe it is a disclosure of the human instinct with every one of its frailties, expediently complemented by the fast social changes and a persistent weakening of social qualities. Loves Perros delineates the darker side of the contemporary Mexican culture and pokes the watchers to ponder its upsetting and out of line elements. The film is set in the cutting edge Mexico City. The general intrigue of the film could be ascribed to its illustrative portrayal of the ideas of broken families and double-crossing, the subjects which will in general be basic to a large portion of the cutting edge societies, social orders and developments (Flynn 35). The narrow minded and hard inclinations of the characters in the film offer something to identify with practically the entirety of its contemporary watchers, regardless of the spot or nation which they live in. The torment of Mexico City as appeared in the film is the inescapable predicament of present day social orders. Story Amores Perros is a film woven around the tales of three characters that are Octavio, Daniel and El Chivo, which in a way speak to a microcosm of the contemporary, working class, Mexican local scene. The family life of all the three characters is appeared to have a consistent theme of trickiness going through them. Octavio adores his sister-in-law Susana. He wins cash by fiddling with unlawful pooch battling. Daniel abandons his significant other and girl, to get into a relationship with an acclaimed model Valeria. El Chivo neglects to impart a typical family life to his little girl Maru due to being in the slammer. In the whole three stories one goes over interruption of family connections, selling out of closeness and trust and displaying of since a long time ago loved social and residential qualities. The focal characters in the story are delineated as attempting to squeeze out a superior life for themselves, however tho ugh through sketchy and unusual methods. The story brings up numerous issues with respect to whether the corruption of the three focal characters is the carefully close to home marrow of their bones or are their lives defenselessly stewing in the bigger bubbling pot of an age and times where accomplishment is about cash just, magnificence is essentially about looks and family life is about accommodation, advantage and shallowness? The characters in the film detectably manifest a distinct disassociation and fluctuation among feeling and thought, achievement and genuineness, closeness and devotion and end and means, which strikingly appear to be okay and typical in the encompassing social scene (Podalsky, 148). This appearing regularity of the things is what is unusual and debase. Class Depictions and Related Social Themes In the film, the lower working class is portrayed as being restricted and obliged without anyone else embraced and socially fortified generalizations, which extol s ecuring, road intelligence and corruption. In such a financial situation, all the streets appear to prompt a thought of accomplishment that is likewise an impasse in itself. It invests its disciples with all the guaranteed treats, yet pitilessly grabs a lot of that is straightforward, open and innocuous. The ghetto life in the contemporary Mexico is appeared as being defaced by prior recognitions, where the people boldly feel supported and okay to showcase the jobs that are esteemed and energized by their social vibe. It is a male overwhelmed society where the young ladies are both the subject and object of crude desire, meriting a high financial,

The Bullwhip Effect and Your Supply Chain

The Bullwhip Effect and Your Supply Chain There are a lot of uncertainties when it comes to your supply chain and in order for you to avoid most if not all of them you need to understand how it all works and know that one simple mistake might ruin the balance in the supply chain.Both in life and in finance balance is crucial because one wrong move can put you and your entire company in debt leading to a slow state of recovery at best.One of those wrong moves is not knowing what the Bullwhip Effect is and how to avoid it.Once you figure out how you can avoid getting caught in the Bullet Effect you will be more careful when making your financial moves and also know how to forecast future events much more effectively.Don’t let this introduction scare you because I’ll be explaining everything you need to know when it comes to dealing with the Bullwhip Effect.So without further ado, let’s jump straight to it.WHAT IS THE BULLWHIP EFFECT?The Bullwhip Effect commonly referred to as the Forrester effect and is called the Forres ter effect because it originated from Jay Forrester and he wrote a book in 1961, called “Industrial dynamics” and he was basically trying to explain to account for the unforeseen spikes in demand within a supply chain.These unforeseen spikes in demand within a supply chain have a reverberating effect throughout the entire supply chain to the extent where every member of the supply chain wraps up their inventory counts to account for the demand that they suddenly came face to face with.How this works is everyone ramps up their inventory counts and then all of a sudden for example the next month or two the demand is not there anymore and you are left with a lot of products in your inventory and not a lot of sales to back it all up.This is basically a very simple and straight forward process to understand, but what I see is that a lot of companies today are either unaware or choose to ignore it or even think that it doesnt that much of an impact, but they are terribly wrong.FIVE CR UCIAL PARTS OF THE BULLWHIP EFFECTThere are five signs you can look for in order to make sure the bullwhip effect is not going to impact your inventory or at least give you some insight into what to look out for in order to make sure that you are protected against these unforeseen spikes in demand.Essentially, what the bullwhip effect shows is that every member of the supply chain relies on the other:The vendor sells the manufacturer raw materials for the product;The manufacturer relies upon the feedback in terms of forecasts from the distributor;  The distributor relies upon the wholesaler in terms of product orders;The wholesaler relies on the retailer in terms of stock.And this typical order of supply chain can easily be disrupted simply when one day you have this consumer or a series of consumers that come in and they all of a sudden place this huge order and they essentially liquidate the retailers’ inventory completely.A MORE PRACTICAL EXAMPLETo put things more into perspect ive Im going to give a simple but more practical example of how this all works.I dont drink beer but I think that beer is a good example and I will tell you why later.So let’s say that the consumers are buying beer and a whole group of people comes in a period of about a month and they buy the retailers whole inventory and let’s say that the retailers inventory was about 500 cases of beer and at the end of the month it is down to zero.Typically the retailer sells a certain amount every two months and all of a sudden they sold this two-month volume all in one month and so their anticipation is that they are going to be selling that amount every single month moving forward.What happens is and of using 500 cases of beer every two months they think that they’re going to need 500 cases every month, and this is where it all begins.The retailer sends an order over to the wholesaler for 1000 cases because what they want is to replenish their inventory to account for this new demand th at they see so the wholesaler gets this order.What happens next is that the wholesaler wants to place a larger order of 1500 cases of beer to the distributor.Then the distributor has to buy more from the manufacturer and place an order for 2000 cases.And finally, the manufacturer thinks he needs to buy more raw materials and they place a larger order for raw materials in order to match this demand.When all the orders fall into place virtually every subject of the supply chain has doubled their inventory because they expect that the demand now that it has doubled will stay that way, but that usually isnt the case.THE MAIN PROBLEMWhat happens is this all looks fantastic to everyone, because all of a sudden there is this increased demand and they think it’s going to continue, next month when the consumers come in and their order volume is 250 and it puts all of this out of line because everyone’s inventory is higher than it was before.How this manifests is when the wholesaler calls the retailer, the retailer will say that they have plenty of inventory, and the distributor calls the wholesaler the same problem,   later the manufacturer calls the distributor- again the same problem, the vendor calls the manufacturer, you guessed it -the same problem.And this is why it’s called the Bullwhip Effect. It’s this process where a single and sudden change in demand has a reverberating effect across the entire supply chain.Sounds scary and is even scarier in reality.In order for this to not happen to your supply chain, you need to understand some key elements when it comes to knowing how the market functions and how to avoid bad investment plans.What you need to do as a company in order to make sure that you’re aware of these type situations and that it can be a little bit more proactive, and also that there can be some unforeseen events which can quickly create the Bullwhip Effect.WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW1. SeasonalityOne of the things you need to pay attention to is seasonality and what it means that in some consumer markets there are certain times a year where are demand suddenly spiked.So in terms of beer (I said I was going to get back to beer) every super bowl Sunday beer spikes in demand, the same goes for Thanksgiving and Christmas or any other holiday when you can expect a large family gathering.Planning ahead when to make a large order and when not will help you not get stuck in the Bullwhip Effect and will assure that you don’t make that mistake just because of a sudden change in demand.2. Business CyclesIn other markets it’s a concern of business cycles, it’s common for some companies that have some quarters that are busier than other so you need to understand which quarters are going to have a rapid change in demand and which won’t.For this element, it takes some planning skills and also market research because you arent careful one unexpected change in demand can have an impact on all of your quarters.The Bullwhip Effect is a magnet for business cycles so take care.If you are able to stop the Bullwhip Effect in one or more of your quarters right at the very start you might manage to stop it from impacting other quarters as well so this is an important element to keep an eye on. 3. New Production IntroductionThe third thing you need to understand is new product introductions now one of the things that happen is that we live in a digital market where things can catch on very quickly and products can become suddenly extremely popular.And a lot of times companies launch a product not understanding just how much a product can become popular because they can’t possibly see it so suddenly that product takes off and there is a sudden mad rush to go out and buy that new product.But then that demand goes off, and if you look throughout history in terms of consumers introductions with products, for example, the Sony PlayStation, you will see a large spike in demand and people will go to extreme measures just to buy that product.This sudden spike in demand is the main reason why some companies after releasing a popular product fall into the trap of the Bullwhip Effect because when that new product becomes old news, they are left with a massive inventory and are forced to sell the product at a much lower price, liquidating their income.4. End of Product LifeAnother thing you want to pay attention to is the end of life of a product because of all of sudden a company says that they aren’t going to make this product anymore whether because they think it won’t sell as much as they are used to or just simply want to start producing a different one.This also causes a mad rush to go out and get what’s left of that product because there are people who are nostalgic and they like the product or they anticipated this would happen but the moment they hear that the company is going to stop making the product they suddenly rush out and they basically buy as many of that product as they possibly can.The same problem occurs again, the company seeing that the product that they want to stop selling suddenly became popular again wants to make more profit as much as possible and they quickly fall into the Bullwhip Effect.5. The UnforeseenThe fifth element is the unforeseen circumstances where you just can’t account for this sudden and drastic increase in demand and this is the most common cause of the Bullwhip Effect mainly for newer companies who don’t yet have an idea of how their products are viewed on the market.What you need to pay attention to is how the consumers are reacting to your product in terms of:Quantity â€" How much of the product you typically sell in a day, week, month or year.Expenses â€" How much do you spend on the finished product when you take into account its way from the manufacturer to the shelves.Profit â€" Is this a product which brings you your main source of income or just one portion of it, and do you want to make the risk of getting more of t hat product produced in order to increase your profit.There isn’t a recipe for dealing with the unforeseen circumstances, you will need to either take risks and profit from them or learn from your mistakes.KNOWING YOUR CONSUMERSThis is easier said than done but if you get to know your consumers need early on and start developing a pattern you will quickly get a grasp of knowing when a sudden change in demand could occur but nothing is certain.Look at this as like a precautionary measure, if you know the average amount your consumer buys in a month, try not to step away from that number or at least try to gradually add more of the product in your inventory in order to see if that will work.By adding or removing the product gradually from your stock you can easily pinpoint a round amount of how much of the product your consumers buy and also how much you are expected to have in inventory if a sudden rise in demands does happen.When you start to pay more attention to how your consume rs react to your product you will see what portion of your supply chain you need to be careful the most but more often than not it starts from the retailer which creates a domino effect in terms of increasing orders from the retailer all the way to the manufacturer.This is very nitpicky and sometimes it seems like too much effort, but Rome wasn’t built in a day and neither was any big company so patience is vital.THE MAIN CAUSE â€" GREEDNow I want to talk about something few business advisers will tell you which is that the main cause of the Bullwhip Effect isn’t just a sudden change in demand but also one of humans’ seven deadly sins and that is greed.Now it’s normal for a company to double their inventory when they see a change in demand but some companies go to the extent where they blindly take that risk right off the bat without thinking of the consequences or simply by not knowing how the supply chain functions.Dont try to make a risk if you arent sure it will work, th is will save you a lot of time and a lot of money and instead of wanting to make more profit than youre used to trying to maintain the usual state of your supply chain and learn how to protect it from failure.Sometimes in the world of finance, it isnt all about making more money but instead about how to keep the status quo.This sounds terrible for some but helpful for others, depends on your viewpoint on things I guess.LEARN FROM OTHERS MISTAKESI would like to remind you that the economy, like history, is bound to repeat its self, but what economy does even better than history is it tracks the rise and fall of great companies in its record of finances so you don’t have that problem of proving whether something has worked before or not.What Im trying to say is you literally have living proof throughout the history of big companies and their financial moves and more importantly if those moves that they made have paid off.Learn from others mistakes not from your own ones because it w ill surely cost you cheaper or nothing at all and you dont have anything to lose except a little of bit of time while planning your next move.Once you understand what to do, what to expect and how to turn your plan into reality you will easily avoid the Bullwhip Effect and it’s devastating on your supply chain. And another thing â€" don’t be greedy.EXPECT THE UNEXPECTEDEverything can go downhill by just one wrong move and a good way to avoid this is planning which some companies, I don’t know for what reason, either avoid doing or don’t do well.In order for you to not be in that position where your entire supply chain has a bigger inventory than its sales, you need to plan ahead and foresee the unforeseen even though it is literally impossible.Sometimes even if you know your consumers very well to the point like it seems you know them personally, you can easily fall in the trap of the Bullwhip Effect just by not planning ahead your short term and long term goals.So you need to stop and think for a second what are you trying to achieve and whether you want to keep the situation as is or if you want to move forward, but keep in mind that you can’t forecast everything that will come in the way of your goal.Expect everything, do your researches, plan every single possible outcome and it will eventually pay out, you just need to be consistent and not get demotivated WHAT TO DO IF YOU GET TRAPPED IN THE BULLWHIP EFFECTThis is a common question from the companies which have experienced the Bullwhip Effect and a large portion of them do eventually go into debt by not knowing how to get out of the mess that they’ve created.The simplest answer I would suggest for you to try is simply waiting for your inventory to go down to the stage it once was because there is nothing you can do which can have a quick result of solving this problem if you want to keep the same profit as before.Another thing you can do is sell the product at a much lower price in order to q uickly empty out your inventory, and try not to make the same mistake twice because the next one could be deadly to your company.But if you do find yourself in this situation try not to panic and maybe start thinking of closing down the company and instead try to move forward so you can recover as quickly as possible.At the end of the day at least you felt the Bullwhip Effect on your own skin and now know how to avoid it in the future. FINAL WORDTo summarize, the Bullwhip Effect is a big trap for any supply chain and company who acts before it thinks so try not to fall in that never-ending cycle of having more in stock than in your sales account especially if you have a food supply chain because the food can spoil and go to waste before you even recover from your losses leading to even more debt.The Bullwhip Effect is like a deadly disease, which can completely abolish your whole supply chain which at first it doesn’t seem to have a huge effect until the backlash happens, and sudd enly you realize that you’ve bitten more than you could chew.Try to utilize everything that I’ve talked about here and also see on what key element you need to pay attention to in your supply chain and I’m sure you won’t have this problem if you know the consequences.Nevertheless, everyone likes to do business in their own way but the Bullwhip Effect can occur in every supply chain so be careful and watch out.

Your Voice in College Admissions

Your Voice in College Admissions January 16, 2012 Larry David wrote about nothing and yet he said so much. Try to take a page from his playbook in your college essays (photo credit: David Shankbone). Whats a tip to improve your odds of admission to highly selective colleges? Find your voice in college admissions. Alright, sounds easy, but one may ask, What do you mean? We mean that to better distinguish your application from the pile of others, it helps to share your unique voice, one that weaves a compelling narrative about just who you are and what makes you, well, you. The majority of college applicants are either unable to find their voice or their voice is so ordinary or, well, to use teenager vernacular, lame that it leads college admissions counselors to roll their eyes. We havent seen a statistical analysis of the data but we suspect that eye rolls do not positively correlate with offers of admission to highly selective colleges. So one of the major things that we help our students with is to find their voice in college admissions. Too often, students feel that its necessary to share trite stories about overcoming odds to win a game or grappling with the death of a grandparent (sorry if were a bit harshbut its true nonetheless) that its virtually impossible to discover an applicants true voice. Thats why writing about smaller things often helps in finding a students voice. When you write about something small, theres a lot more room to truly share who you are. Dont forget, the hit NBC comedy Seinfeld was about nothing. Absolutely nothing. And yet that series had one of the most distinct voices that television has ever known. Take a page from Larry David. Try writing about nothing in your college essays and see if it just might help you find your voice. It often beats writing about something! Were not kidding.

The Sins Of The Flesh Eating And Vampirism - 1335 Words

Sins of the Flesh: Eating and Vampirism Almost every sin imaginable is included in this text if one were to interpret Bram Stoker’s writing to be as such. The glaring Christianity, coded sexual innuendo, and the vampire stereotype still attracts many to this novel. Despite the Victorian era’s social expectations of a woman, gluttony and lust are the two most abundant and greatly detailed sins alive in this text and usually descriptively, if not symbolically intertwined. The female characters of this novel lavishly display their sexual and physical appetites throughout the novel thus tempting the male figures. Mina and Lucy are portrayed in opposition to both each other and societal norms, in the nineteenth century and these traits are still displayed today in the twenty-first century. Voraciousness and Lust as portrayed through vampirism in Dracula details the dichotomy of Bram Stoker and of all men; which wife would a man want to have, the smart maternal plump woman or the fanciful beautiful thin woman. In Victorian England anorexia was the social norm, much as it is today, and considered the standard of beauty. However, the attractive female and highly sexualized woman is more often than not describing the â€Å"voluptuous† vampire as the culmination of male hidden desires using animalistic descriptions of the way that they gorge themselves before, during, and after illness (for Mina). Silver states this notion with this excerpt â€Å"the vampire’s sexuality is expressed entirelyShow MoreRelatedEssay On Sexuality In Bram Stokers Dracula2371 Words   |  10 Pagesthe images of sex scenes. The women tempt Jonathan with their sexualized appearance, but giving into their enchantment would lead to the ultimate punishment for sin, being brutally attacked and turned into a vampire. Moreover, the pauses and waiting periods that Jonathan experiences expose the sexual tension prolonging the temptation and sin. Voyeurism further compounds the sinfulness of Jonathan’s in teractions with the female vampires. Multiple women who are not his wife entice him while one engagesRead MoreThe s Manifestation Of Evil By Bram Stoker2006 Words   |  9 Pagesthis novel a gothic novel. The first night, Jonathan and the Count had a unique meal together, and Stoker really emphasized this meal. From old reliable (How to Read Literature like a Professor), â€Å"Sometimes a meal is just a meal, and eating with others is simply just eating with others. More often than not, though, it’s not†¦whenever people eat or drink together its communion† (Foster 7-8). Communion is an act of fellowship, participation, and is a common belief in Christian belief. Also according toRead More The Serpent-Vampire in Keats Lamia Essay3101 Words   |  13 Pagesfor the Greeks, the whole continent of Africa. When Hera finds out about their love, she destroys each of Lamias children at birth. In her misery, Lamia withdraws to the rocks and caves of the sea-coast, where she preys on other womens children, eating them and sucking their blood. To recompense his mistress, Zeus gives her the power of shape-shifting. Perhaps as a reflection of this versatility, the monstrous race of lamiae of Africa are composite beings, with the heads and breasts of women, but

What Languages Do Canadians Speak

While many Canadians are definitely bilingual, they are not necessarily speaking English and French. Statistics Canada reports that more than 200 languages that were not English, French or an Aboriginal language, were reported as a language spoken most often at home, or as a mother tongue. About two-thirds of the respondents who spoke one of these languages also spoke either English or French. Census Questions on Languages in Canada Data on languages collected in the Census of Canada are used to implement and administer both federal and provincial acts, such as the federal Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the New Brunswick Official Languages Act. Language statistics are also used by both public and private organizations which deal with issues such as health care, human resources, education, and community services. In the 2011 Census of Canada questionnaire, four questions on languages were asked. Question 7: Can this person speak English or French well enough to conduct a conversation?Question 8(a): What language does this person speak most often at home?Question 8(b): Does this person speak any other languages on a regular basis at home?Question 9: What is the language that this person first learned at home in childhood and still understands? For further details on the questions, the changes between the 2006 Census and the 2011 Census and the methodology used, see Languages Reference Guide, 2011 Census from Statistics Canada. Languages Spoken at Home in Canada In the 2011 Census of Canada, the Canadian population of nearly 33.5 million reported more than 200 languages as their language spoken at home or their mother tongue. About a fifth of Canadians, or nearly 6.8 million people, reported having a mother tongue other than English or French, Canadas two official languages. About 17.5 percent or 5.8 million people reported that they spoke at least two languages at home. Only 6.2 percent of Canadians spoke a language other than English or French as their only language at home. Official Languages in Canada Canada has two official languages at the federal level of government: English and French. [In the 2011 Census, about 17.5 percent, or 5.8 million, reported that they were bilingual in English and French, in that they could conduct a conversation in both English and French.] Thats a small increase of 350,000 over the 2006 Census of Canada, which Statistics Canada attributes to an increase in the number of Quebecers who reported being able to conduct a conversation in English and French. In provinces other than Quebec, the rate of English-French bilingualism dipped slightly. About 58 percent of the population reported that their mother tongue was English. English was also the language most often spoken at home by 66 percent of the population. About 22 percent of the population reported that their mother tongue was French, and French was the language most often spoken at home by 21 percent. About 20.6 percent reported a language other than English or French as their mother tongue. They also reported that they spoke English or French at home. Diversity of Languages in Canada In the 2011 Census, eighty percent of those who reported that they speak a language other than English, French or an Aboriginal language, most often at home live in one of the six largest major census metropolitan areas (CMAs) in Canada. Toronto: About 1.8 million people in Toronto reported speaking an immigrant language most often at home. Thats about 32.2 percent of the citys population and around 2.5 times as many as in Vancouver who reported speaking an immigrant language most often at home. The most common languages were Cantonese, Punjabi, Urdu, and Tamil.Montreal: In Montreal, about 626,000 reported speaking an immigrant language most often at home. Nearly a third spoke Arabic (17 percent) and Spanish (15 percent).Vancouver: In Vancouver, 712,000 reported speaking an immigrant language most often at home. Punjabi led the list at 18 percent, followed by Cantonese, Mandarin, and Tagalog. The total accounts for 64.4 percent of the total population speaking one of these five languages most often at home.Calgary: In Calgary, 228,000 people reported speaking an immigrant language most often at home. Punjabi (27,000 people), Tagalog (nearly 24,000), and non-specific Chinese dialects at nearly 21,000 were the language s most often reported.Edmonton: In Edmonton, 166,000 reported speaking an immigrant language most often at home, with Punjabi, Tagalog, Spanish and Cantonese accounting for about 47 percent of these people, a percentage quite similar to Calgary.Ottawa and Gatineau: About 87 percent of the people in this census metropolitan area who reported speaking an immigrant language most often at home lived in Ottawa and Arabic, Chinese (non-specified dialect), Spanish and Mandarin were the leading immigrant home languages. In Gatineau, Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese and non-specified Chinese dialects were the leading home languages. Aboriginal Languages in Canada Aboriginal languages are diverse in Canada, but they are fairly thinly spread, with 213,500 people reporting having one of 60 Aboriginal languages as a mother tongue and 213,400 reporting that they speak an Aboriginal language most often or regularly at home. Three Aboriginal languages - the Cree languages, Inuktitut and Ojibway - made up almost two-thirds of the responses from those reporting having an Aboriginal language as their mother tongue on the 2011 Census of Canada.

I Look At The Painting By Angelica Kauffmann - 1439 Words

The mentality of many adults in the present day is that they need to be financially stable before having children. I have people in my own family, that while loving their children, wished that they had not had any of their own. They do not want the financial burden that comes with having children and do not like the way kids hold them back from being able to go and do what they want when they want. On the other hand, I have family members who have children and not a lot of money that would not change their life for all of the riches in the world. As I look at the painting by Angelica Kauffmann, I see two women who share these same opposing ideologies on children and the riches of the world. One standing with her hand outstretched to her children showing that they are her most important possessions. While the other woman is showing off her gold necklaces and other expensive items that she has in her jewelry box. The big question is, after two hundred and thirty years, what is A ngelica trying to portray in her painting, Cornelia Presenting Her Children as Her Treasures. This painting shows many of the signs of the era. During the Neoclassical time period that took place from the 17th through the 19th century painters took a lot of inspiration from the Greek and Roman art of the Classical Period. The Neoclassical Period brought back classical subject matters. Classical subjects are people that have calm poses and are dressed in classic Roman togas or Greek robes,Show MoreRelatedANALYSIS OF ANGELICA KAUFFMAN ‘TELEMACHUS ON HIS RETURN TO HIS MOTHER’ 1770-1780 OIL ON CANVAS 1325 Words   |  6 Pagesobserve real life1. Science and experience influenced painting more so in Neo-Classicalism. Locke fought for people’s rights and the power or â€Å"contract† between the ruler and the ruled. Reasoning that â€Å"the Light in Enlightenment referred to the primacy of reason and intellect†¦and a belief in progress and in the human ability to control nature†1. Hence, the commence of experimental paintings such as Joseph Wright’s (1734-1797) oil on canvas painting: Fig.1 An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump. This

Legalization Of Marijuan It Is A Criminal - 1470 Words

They say, â€Å"It is a Criminal† A couple of weeks ago, CNN the world s most recognized news station. They were showing a story about how medical marijuana helped a three years old girl, who was suffering from a several epilepsy. From the story, this three year old girl could have a hundreds of seizures within a day. However, one day his father, who was a retired military, he made a research and found a good testimonies about how a medical marijuana helped these men, children, and women with the same condition as his daughter. Therefore, he decided to try it on his daughter, even though, he was nervous and scared about the idea. But he had a lot of confidences in the medical marijuana, and he was determine to help his†¦show more content†¦Most people believe that marijuana should be illegal because it creates violence at school, on the street, workplace and home. For example, according to a personal experience, people who smoke marijuana have the symptom of fear and panic that may make them confused and not understand any simple things. As a result, these make them act abnormal and violence most of the times. However, in my opinion, I believe that marijuana should be legalized in three reasons. The first reason why marijuana should be legalized is; it has health benefit. Despite the fact that marijuana can cause brain injuries and poor judgment; it has a lot of cures and treatments for an incurable disease such as epilepsy, cancer and depression. For instance, according to psychedelic drug therapy studies have proven that the psychedelics in marijuana can support patients with pain management, especially for cluster headaches. Also, the psychedelics can be effective in curing the withdrawal symptoms of narcotic, alcohol addiction and cancer treatment (â€Å"Psychedelic’’). Furthermore, marijuana can be classified as natural plant, cannabis or herbs because it grows from the soil and it’s God made creature. For instance, if garlic, chervil, parsley, is referred as medicinal herb or plants, then I believe that marijuana has the same features and qualities as these plants. Therefore, they should be allowed to be cultivated in

In some countries such as MEDCs population is stabilizing due to low birth rates and low death rates Free Essays

In some countries such as MEDCs population is stabilizing due to low birth rates and low death rates. However, other countries, mostly in LEDCs, the population isn’t stabilizing and instead is increasing. Reasons for this are that people are now living longer due to better health care, while poor education and poor knowledge of birth control means that birth rates are increasing while death rates are decreasing leading to overpopulation. We will write a custom essay sample on In some countries such as MEDCs population is stabilizing due to low birth rates and low death rates or any similar topic only for you Order Now Governments have now begun to recognize the problems caused by population growth and have introduced anti-natalist policies aiming to reduce fertility. Countries suffering from overpopulation are India, Singapore, Nigeria, China and India. Here the governments have implied policies such as later marriages, birth spacing and inheritance laws. Also in India, if a man volunteers for a vasectomy he would receive a free transistor radio. However, perhaps the most famous policy of all is China’s ‘one child policy’. China is the third largest country in terms of areas – 9596960 km2. In terms of population it is the biggest nation with 1.2 billion people, who make up 21.5% of the world’s total population. The problems China faced were that only 7% of China is land area. While only 50% of this land is farmable and only 13% suitable for arable farming. This situation is then made worse by 94% of the Chinese population living in the badly overpopulated southeast of the country, which consists of 43% of land. While only 6% live in the northwest of the country, which consists of 57% of land. This has led to an imbalance between population and resources. Secondly in 1949, China was made a communist country. At this stage, China sought to maximise its population for military and strategic strength. By 1960 CBR had peaked at 45/1000. The sheer size of the Chinese population put increased demands on services such as food, housing, education and employment. In fact during the 1970s the government feared that further population increases would result in mass starvation by the end of the century. This triggered the government to enforce anti-natalist policies. Options were considered such as: Increase death rate – however not a legitimate government policy. Encourage out migration – too many Chinese for this to be successful. Import more resources – implications for the rest of the world, especially LEDCs. Therefore the only option was to reduce the birth rate, which led to the 1979 ‘one child policy’. This included: Compulsory abortion if a couple already had one child (if a couple managed to escape abortion and have more than one child then there were economic penalties). The introduction of ‘Granny police’ – who were older women who went round checking younger women weren’t pregnant. Compulsory sterilisation – the government would send in the army to gather men and sterilize them. Later marriages and the use of contraception were also encouraged. The one child policy found greatest success amongst the urban population – where it was more strictly enforced and accepted. Therefore in 1994 the government introduced the ‘new family plan’. This aimed to educate farmers, in rural areas, on the basis that they will naturally come to understand why fewer children means achieving prosperity sooner. The outcomes of the one child policy were that the Birth rate was reduced from 45/1000 to 22/1000. In this respect the policy has therefore been regarded as a success. Couples are wealthier due to economic improvements while they no longer fear the official penalties of increased housing, schooling and medical costs for larger families. However, there have also been a number of problems with the policy. Firstly, there is now an ageing population, which have a number of potential problems in itself. In the early 90s there were about 100 million Chinese people over 60 – which encountered for 9% of the population. By 2030 it is expected to have increased to 25% of the population. This is likely to lead to a limitation in the labour supply. While pensions and retirement benefits are few, and there has never been much state pension for the elderly. Other problems are that most Chinese families want a son. This has led to some female babies being allowed to die after birth through deliberate exposure, neglect or in some areas the feeding of poisonous berries. This leads to a gender imbalance. This could cause problems for China, as it is likely to lead to a considerable amount of unmarried men, causing social instability and a growing demand for prostitution. There is also the tendency for the child to become spoilt. This will be the only child a couple will ever have, therefore all their ambitions and money are channelled into the child’s education, well-being and comfort. However, in the course of time such a spoilt child could become the sole support for up to six aged people. In conclusion, without the one child policy china would almost certainly be chaos and an economic mess. Therefore although there are serious problems with the policy, the success of dramatically reducing the population outweighs the potential consequences that China now faces. However, it is not only China who have introduced dramatic anti -natalist policies to reduce the population. Indonesia attempted to even out its differences in population density between its inner and outer islands through a transmigration scheme. How to cite In some countries such as MEDCs population is stabilizing due to low birth rates and low death rates, Papers

Discussing Stereotype Threat - Attachment Styles and Relationships in a

Question 1- Critically discuss the notion of stereotype threat? Answer 1- David G Meyers has defined Stereotype threat in his book Social Psychology as a disruptive concern that occurs when a person is facing a negative stereotype in life. This stereotype can be evaluated on the basis of the negative stereotype that the person is facing. It is quite unlike the prophecies that are self fulfilling that question ones reputation regarding ones stereotype and concept. (Inzlicht, 2006) Inzlicht and others in the year 2006 proved that stereotype threat can be explained by even the prejudice that people can face or feel self conscious about. They explained it through the example of white person living in a black community. They explained how the physical stamina and mental ability is diminished when circumstances that make us self conscious occur. If a person is kept in a situation where other people expect the person to perform poorly and fail. This causes anxiety which may force a person to believe the same that he or she may never succeed. Claude Steele along w ith his colleagues called this phenomenon as Stereotype Threat that is an apprehension that gets self confirmed under a negative stereotype. Claude Steele, Steven Spencer and Diane Quinn in the year 1999 conducted an experiment about a tough math test to women and men who had math background. The people were informed in advance that the test will not be judged on gender differences and any other stereotype. After knowing this the women in the test performed equally in comparison to men. (Adams, 2006) But when the experiment was repeated with a different set of women who were told that there is a stereotype for gender difference, they performed badly in comparison to men. The added apprehension after the tough test questions affected their scores. Paul Davies along with his colleagues was able to prove that the media is capable of provoking stereotype threat as well. (Davies, 2012)He proved it with an experiment by making both women and men watch as set of commercials which they had to memorize. The commercials contained neutral stimuli for half the participants and the other half were shown commercials with airheaded women images. After watching the commercials the participants were given a math test. Not only did the women performed badly in comparison to men in airheaded commercial group but also reported a loss of interest in obtaining higher education in math or science. Stereotype threat was also successfully proven by Joshua Aronson and Steele in the year 1995 when they gave verbal tests to whites and black participants. The black participants performed badly when they were subjected to stereotype threat. Steele also reported that students tend to perform badly when they are told prior to the tests that there are chance s of them to fail the test. This may also result in self esteem issues and loss of interest on education on a whole in some students. He suggested that it is always better to challenge the students thus helping them to believe in their potential. Chad Forbes, Topni Schmader and Michael Johns in the year 2008 explained how stereotype threat affects performance. There are three ways in which the stereotype threat undermines performance:- Self monitoring:- many scholars including Forster and Seibt in the year 2004 and Dauenheimer and Keller in the year 2003 have proved that when an individual is subjected to stereotype threat they tend to worry about making mistakes. There are not focused in their work and their attention is disrupted regularly due to this self monitoring. Stress:-many researchers like Derks and his colleagues in the year 2008, Krendl and his colleagues in the year 2008 and Wraga and his colleagues in the year 2007 have proven that stress that is caused by a stereotype threat causes impairing brain activity. MRI scans have shown that under stress from a stereotype threat the areas of the brain that process emotion are highly active and brain activity in the mathematical processing area is impaired. Suppressing unwanted emotions and thoughts:-Croizet and Bonnot in the year 2007 proved that thoughts and memory are disrupted when an individual tries to regulate ones thinking. Research related to stereotype threat was not limited to the negative impact of it but it was also thought that if negative stereotype threat can affect performance in a negative way. Can positive stereotypes enhance performances? Nalini Ambady alon with Margaret Shih and Todd Pittinsky conducted an experiment to confirm it. They took two groups of Asian American females in which one was a control group whereas the other consisted of females that were asked some biological questions. The biological questions were asked to them to remind them of their gender identity after which their performance plunged in the tests. To prove positive stereotype the researchers reminded them of their Asian identity which helped them to score well in the tests. Rydell along with his colleagues proved that positive stereotypes facilitate performance and negative stereotypes have a disruptive affect on performance. Felicio and Miller in the year 1990 studied about stereotype bias judgments in people. Th ey found out that relevant and strong stereotype do affect the judgments of people. Melvin Manis, Monica Biernat and Thomas Nelson in their study proved that when students were asked about the estimated heights of many men and women. All of them perceived men height to be more than the women. It was noted that even when the height of both men and women were the same they perceived that men were taller. A follow up study that was conducted by Manis, Nelson, and Michele Acker in the year 1996 showed the pictures of some of the students of University of Michigan from nursing and engineering to other students. In these pictures the interests of each student were listed as well. the students who were viewing the pictures were informed that the number of males and female students are the same. But many students associated the nursing student with a female student face. This proved that strong gender stereotype is a irresistible force. Question 2 - Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991) differentiate between four distinct attachment styles. Describe these styles and articulate the dimensions that allow them to be differentiated? Answer 2- Human beings are social creatures that are destined to bond with one another. This need to bind is adaptive. Survival is dependent on cooperation, which is essential for any species to survive. When we are babies we prefer familiar faces over strangers. We smile and coo on familiar voices and attention. At the tender age of eight months a baby starts to crawl towards its mother and father. They wail and cry when they are separated from them. The parents who are the caregivers share a strong bond or social attachment with the baby that serves as a survival impulse. Our attachment style affects everything in our life whether it be our selection of our life partner or how well relationship will work. Leonard M. Horowitz and Kim Bartholomew gave the attachment theory that states that attachment relationship continue to be essential throughout our lives. (Bartholomew, 1991) But Horowitz and Bartholomew proved that if an individual abstract self image is negative or positive them the abstracted image will be negative or positive as well. When we are an infant our bond and attachments towards others strengthens our human bonds. (Bowlby, 1988) John Bowlby in the year 1980 reflected that intimate attachments to others are the hub around which an individual life revolves around. Some of the attachments styles are:- Secure attachments:-this type of attachment is rooted in trust and is marked by intimacy. Researchers like Cunningham and Jones in the year 1996 proved that infants even in strange situation if in their mothers presence exhibit a comfortable demeanor but if the mother is asked to leave. They become sad and distressed it is only when the mother returns back that the child relaxes and starts playing again. This attachment style that is based on trust is called as secure attachment. It forms a kind of working model that is based on intimacy that helps in sustaining relationships even through times of conflict. When an infant who has had a secure relationship with others grow into an adult, they tend to enjoy relationship in a committed and secure way. (Ein-Dor, 2010)Their relationships tend to be enduring and satisfying. Securely attached individuals are more satisfied with their lifetime relationships. As children they have seen their parent as a secure base that helps them to independ ently venture in the world and explore it. These individuals grow into adults that are supportive for their partners and are comforting when they see that their partner is disturbed. They form relationships that are open, equal and honest. The model that Leonard M. Horowitz and Kim Bartholomew gave was based on the fact that how an individual sees oneself i.e his self image. Preoccupied attachment style:- which is also called as Anxious Ambivalent is about having positive expectations for others along with the sense of ones own unworthiness. As seen in some infants who tend to cling to their mothers. They will cry and wail if the mother leaves but even when she returns they may be hostile and indifferent. These infants grow into adults that are more possessive and less trusting. They get jealous easily. (Cassidy, 2000) Cassidy in the year 2000 proved that these individuals get angry and emotional when discussing a conflict. In contrast to others who support and acknowledge others freedom. These individual are desperate to form a fantasy bond with others. They feel emotional hunger instead of feeling trust and love for their partner. They feel security and safety by clinging to their partners. They act insecure and desperate as their behavior show their fears. They are clingy, possessive and demanding as they feel unsure of the feelings of their partner. (Crisp, 2009) Dismissive attachment style:- infants with this type of attachment show little distress when separated from their mothers. They do not cling to their mothers even when they return after a period of separation. These infants tend to grow into adults that exhibit negative views about others. These avoidant type of people are not interested in relationships and engage in meaningless sex without love. They have a distrust for others and thus they avoid being in relationship (Etcheverry, 2005). They lead a more inward life as they deny the existence of loved ones and detach from them. They easily shut down emotionally and are psychologically defended. Fearful attachment style:-the individual that have this type of attachment style are fearful of intimacy and are socially avoidant. They commonly use sentences like I keep my options open and I am not comfortable in getting too close to people. They have strong dependency on others in order to maintain their positive self image. But they usually differ in their attempt to be a part of a close relationship. (Lanciano, 2012)This tendency is based on their fear of rejection. They often get overwhelmed by their feelings and are unpredictable. They often end up in dramatic and rocky relationships which have many highs and lows. According to a study by the world health organisation when a child or infant is deprived of familiar attachments they become silent, frightened and withdrawn. This has been experienced with kids that go through extreme neglect. Some elements are common in all loving relationships and attachments. Some of these elements are giving support, mutual understanding, receiving support, and valuing support. Passionate love is different as it has other features as intense fascination, physical affection and exclusiveness. But this passionate love is not just for the lovers as according to a study by Phillip Shaver and his colleagues. The one year old infants that were studied expressed and welcomed physical affection like lovers. They felt distressed when they were separated from their parents. They even showed intense affection when they were reunited with their parents. Question 3- Critically discuss the relationship between close relationships and health? Answer 3- In social psychology the physical and mental well being is a major topic. Close relationships that are supportive and give a feeling of encouragement, affirmative and likeness are good for health. Jean Paul Sartre has said that Hell is others and all our relationships are filled with stress. Many times stress caused by family issues leads to numerous health problems. Many diseases like hypertension, coronary heart disease and immune system failure are caused by stress. (Robinson, 1999)Singer and Ryff in the year 2000 have talked about close relationships and its relationship with health. Lonely people tend to suffer with more health ailments as they experience stress. Research has shown that people who have close relationship with friends and family are less likely to die prematurely. (Ryff, 2000) The people who are relationship oriented, affectionate and outgoing have more friends and are more likely to be healthy. (Cohen, 2003)According to a study by Cohen and his colleagues in the year 2003 people who were more affectionate and outgoing did not catch cold virus in comparison to people who were introvert and were less affectionate. Studies have shown that married people live longer in comparison to unmarried people. They are also healthier irrespective of their income, age, sex or race. Coan and his colleagues conducted an experiment on people who were married in a supportive and happy marriage. When the married women were subjected to threat of shocks through electric ankle shocks some were allowed to hold their husbands hand. These womens MRI scans showed that the threat responsive area in their brains was less active in comparison to women who were asked to hold hands of strangers. These results were consistent to the belief that supportive relationships are conductive of good health. It is not only about receiving support from others but giving support to others is equally essential. In a study conducted on 423 couples who were married proved that Married couples showed that those who provided social support had greater longevity. A finish study conducted on ninety six thousand widowed women showed that their risk of death increased to double in only a week after their partners death. So from all this data we know that there is a link between health and close relationship. People who have close relationships exercise more, drink and smoke less and eat better. But why this happens is it that family and friends bolster our confidence and self esteem. Or a supportive network is helping us to overcome stress. More than eighty studies have shown that people who have supportive close relationships enjoy strong immune system and good cardiovascular functioning. In a study conducted by Robin OHeeron and James Pennebaker on surviving spouses of car accident and suicide victims showed that those who confided their grief with friends and relatives had less health problems. But the ones who kept their grief and sadness to themselves had m any health issues on the near future. He even tried to isolate the confessional and confiding side of close relationships as he asked the spouses to relate to the sad events that are on their mind. Many of them who talked about the event stayed tense until they confided the event. Many confided that they were feeling better by talking about it and blocking it was not helping them. References Adams, G. G. (2006). The detrimental effects of a suggestion of sexism in an instruction situation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 602615. Bartholomew, K. . (1991). attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 226-244. Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books. Cassidy, J. (2000). Adult romantic attachments: A developmental perspective on individual differences. Review of General Psychology , 111-131. Cohen, S. D. (2003). Sociability and susceptibility to the common cold. Psychological Science , 389395. Crisp, R. J. (2009). Interpersonal attachment predicts identification with groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 115-122. Davies, P. G. (2012). Consuming images: How television commercialsthat elicit stereotype threat can restrain women academically and professionally. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 16151628. Ein-Dor, T. M. (2010). The attachment paradox: How can so many of us (the insecure ones) have no adaptive advantages? . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 123-141. Etcheverry, P. E. (2005). Thinking about commitment: Accessibility of commitment and prediction of relationship persistence, accommodation, and willingness to sacrifice. Personal Relationships , 103-123. Inzlicht, M. M. (2006). Stigma as ego depletion: How being the target of prejudice affects self-control. Psychological Science , 262269. Lanciano, T. C. (2012). attachment and dysfunctional rumination: The mediating role of Emotional Intelligence abilities. Personality and Individual Differences , 753-758. Robinson, M. D. (1999). The role of self-deception in perceptions of past, present, and future happiness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 595606. Ryff, C. D. (2000). Interpersonal flourishing: A positive health agenda for the new millennium. Personality and Social Psychology Review , 3044.

Business and Society for Journal of World Business- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBusiness and Society for Journal of World Business. Answer: In the business world, it is seen that outsourcing is the major problem, mainly when it includes cheap labor that is offered in many developing countries. It is analyzed that there are many businesses that have embarked on this exercise with the motive of earning profits, that enhances the overall satisfaction level of the shareholders and give assurance of the success in the future. There are many individuals who are claiming that it is ethical practice and also others are claiming that the practice is not considered as moral. This argument does not take into consideration the method of outsourcing but consider the ethical issues that are surrounded by the process of outsourcing. Outsourcing of cheap overseas labor has become a corporate process but the practice has raised many questions related whether the practice is immoral or not (Gerbl, McIvor, Loane Humphreys, 2015). In this paper, the analysis will be made by taking into consideration both the positive and negative facets of the practice. It is immoral to use cheap overseas labor by corporations By taking into consideration ethical opinion, there are many advices opposing the use of overseas cheap labor. One of the argument states that the companies make profits from the use of cheap labor and the profits are reserved by the rich class people, while the people belong from middle class lose their purchasing power and also high taxes are paid by them. There are various individuals who notice government's distribution of economic wealth with negative opinions. The corporate practices considered by the organizations are related to contributing to the economic difference will be taken in a negative way by the public. It is analyzed that overseas employees are not able to make any contribution to the security which is socially related and tax rate of any country. According to Kline (2010), the high tax rate achieved from the business profits cannot justified for the overall amount that the government lose just because of the income taxes. Negativity is created in the residents due to the loss of various opportunities related with the jobs. If the cheap overseas labor is used then it disregards the community and the workers who assisted the organization to achieve success in the market (Poutanen Kovalainen, 2017). So, it is evaluated that success of the organization is related to profits and also concerned to develop the community. If cheap overseas labor is taken into consideration than it affects the job opportunities for the individuals that are available and also weaken the economy of the developing nations (Bevan, Brinkley, Cooper Bajorek, 2018). For instance: If working criteria of the individual increases than extra cash is available that can be spent on products, which suggests that extra jobs can be formed to consider the overall de mand of the products in the market. Therefore, by taking into consideration overseas cheap labor by American organizations can affect the economy cycle of the country. Using overseas cheap labor is Moral It is analyzed that those who are stating that use of overseas cheap labor is right, for them it is important to consider that, at the time of manufacturing of goods by using overseas cheap labor it is important to import more products than manufacturing it on a domestic platform. This argument states that product should be in the country where there is cheap labor as this is one of the best strategies that the company should consider so that profits can be enhanced and also the satisfaction level of the stakeholders can be maximized. Advocates of outsourcing cheap labor by the organizations maintain the competitive advantage by focusing on products that can help to enhance the overall profitability. The argument is that organizations have the goal of earning cash by producing goods and selling them to the customers at a low cost (Wuyts, Rindfleisch Citrin, 2015). In this way, if overseas labor is used then there can be a difference in the overall cost. This cost difference that takes place helps the organizations to achieve overall goals and objectives and also the cheap labor that is used can be justified (Oshri, Kotlarsky Willcocks, 2015). For instance: US organizations should give competition in a global economy which states that the organizations are permitted to recruit worldwide. Competitive advantage is important and one of the best strategies that US organizations should adopt is cheap overseas labor. The next argument that is in support of the companies considering cheap labor overseas is due of the enhancing want of corporate social responsibility which states that many organizations are offering service to individuals in developing nations. Use of cheap labor plays a great role in offering job opportunities for the individuals in developing countries (Beam, 2016). It is also seen that with the use of overseas labor supports American organizations to shape the middle class in the developing nations. Outsourcing cheap labor will help the Americans to grow into a country including of consultants and entrepreneurs. Outsourcing overseas labor is related to partnership and not with theft. Corporations who take into consideration the usage of cheap overseas labors acts in the interest of the customers (Lester, 2018). For example: To pay more to the US workers as linked to the foreign labors is not beneficial to the local economy. Workers always want that the earnings should be high. I t is ethical to provide employment to the people who are existing in developing nations rather than individuals existing in First world nation where jobs are availed. So, from the argument, it is analyzed that the use of cheap labor by the companies can give an advantage to the customers and shareholders at the expense of the employees. An Argument is made in which support point is that use of cheap labor is not ethical from the point that outsourcing cheap overseas labor can give more expense to the foreign economies. The argument is elevated to assist the point that using cheap overseas labor is ethical by taking into consideration corporate social responsibility. Therefore, ethical problems arise related to how organizations should consider the cheap labor like inadequate working conditions and poor wages to the employees. References Beam, E. A. (2016). Do job fairs matter? experimental evidence on the impact of job-fair attendance.Journal of Development Economics,120, 32-40. Bevan, S., Brinkley, I., Cooper, C., Bajorek, Z. (2018).21st Century Workforces and Workplaces: The Challenges and Opportunities for Future Work Practices and Labour Markets. Bloomsbury Publishing. Gerbl, M., McIvor, R., Loane, S., Humphreys, P. (2015). A multi-theory approach to understanding the business process outsourcing decision.Journal of World Business,50(3), 505-518. Kline, J. (2010).Ethics for International Business: Decision-Making in a Global Political Economy.New York: Routledge. Lester, M. (2018). The Creation and Disruption of Innovation? Key Developments in Innovation as Concept, Theory, Research and Practice. InInnovation in the Asia Pacific(pp. 271-328). Springer, Singapore. Oshri, I., Kotlarsky, J., Willcocks, L. P. (2015).The Handbook of Global Outsourcing and Offshoring 3rd Edition. Springer. Poutanen, S., Kovalainen, A. (2017). New Economy, Platform Economy and Gender. InGender and Innovation in the New Economy(pp. 47-96). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Wuyts, S., Rindfleisch, A., Citrin, A. (2015). Outsourcing customer support: The role of provider customer focus.Journal of Operations Management,35, 40-55.

Welfare Essays (2689 words) - , Term Papers

Welfare The United States or The United Welfare States - A Cost Benefit Analysis The role of welfare within our society has always been controversial. This problem emphasizes the need to understand the roles of variable factors when pertaining to the subject of welfare within our society. The proposed analysis will address the phenomenon of welfare assistance and several factors which may contribute to the increase or decrease of welfare assistance to the poor in 4 ways: (1) by defining major concepts and any other concepts about which there is likely to be misunderstanding, (2) by further examining the past history pertaining to the subject of welfare assistance within the United States, (3) by developing the formulation of a hypothesis which will provide for an explanation of welfare, and finally (4) determining whether or not the benefits of welfare assistance outweigh the cost. Ultimately, the purpose of this research analysis is to investigate variable factors that may contribute to the increase or decrease of welfare assistance. This cost benefit analysis i s an attempt to explain the tentative assumptions of others pertaining to the subject of welfare, in order to determine and explain the relationship of welfare to the economic cost and benefits. Cost-Benefit Analysis before welfare assistance can be analyzed there is a need to define the terms that will be used. Policies like welfare assistance are worthwhile only if the benefits to society are greater than the costs. When choosing among a set of policies, the policy with the greatest net benefit (benefit over cost) should be chosen. Hence, this is where the term cost-benefit analysis comes from. Cost-benefit analysis is a technique for determining the optimal level of an economic activity such as welfare. In general, an activity such as welfare assistance should be expanded as long as it leads to greater benefits than costs. In purely economic terms, does the benefit of welfare assistance justify the costs of welfare assistance? (Mishan 13) Why Use Cost-benefit Analysis? Since 1981 , government agencies have been required to perform cost-benefit analyses called Regulatory Impact Analyses (RIA's) for all major regulations within the United States. Many statutes require that cost-benefit analysis be undertaken and the results be reported to Congress (Mishan 2). Cost-benefit analysis can also be a good way to measure how effective a policy such as welfare assistance has been, or to find ways in which a program can be improved. But, regardless of how it is used, the preparation of a cost benefit analysis provides a useful framework for consideration of the possible effects of a proposed policy. Past History of Welfare Assistance: One of the first welfare programs to provide income support to the poor was a federally backed plan called the Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) program. This legislation was introduced with the establishment of the Social Security program during the Great Depression. (Rowley, and Peacock 43) The ADC program which had started nearly sixty years ago is now better known as the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program, which provided a federal entitlement to economic support for single parents with children younger than 18 who fell below a threshold of assets and income (Rowley, and Peacock 44). Federal guidelines allowed for each state to set its own predetermined needs standards for families of different sizes and living locations. Both the federal government and the states supplied funding for the AFDC program (Rowley, and Peacock 50). In 1996 Congress adopted the Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF) program by enacting the Personal R esponsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act that ultimately changed the structure of federal financial assistance to the states thereby abolishing the AFDC program. Another social welfare program was the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program. Congress established the Supplemental Security Income program in 1972, with payments beginning in January 1974. It replaced the former Federal-State programs of Old-Age Assistance (OAA), Aid to the Blind (AB), and Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled (APTD)(Myles, and Pierson 9). An individual may have qualified for payments on the basis of age, blindness, or disability. Any person aged 65 or older was also eligible. President Richard Nixon enacted the Supplemental Security Income program with the signing of the Supplemental Social

The theories I have learned at university and tried to put into practice whilst on my 2nd year placement The WritePass Journal

The theories I have learned at university and tried to put into practice whilst on my 2nd year placement Introduction The theories I have learned at university and tried to put into practice whilst on my 2nd year placement Introduction This assignment will discuss some of the theories I have learned at university and tried to put into practice whilst on my 2nd year placement. Social theory helps us to understand the ways of the world and how we live in it. It also provides us with different outlooks on why things happen in the way they do, and how society is organised and structured in a certain way. For the purpose of this essay I will use names for people instead of letters as I feel this will make the essay flow better. Any names relating to the service users or placement setting will be fictional. The placement setting was an inner city hostel, providing twenty four hour support for people age between sixteen and thirty. The service user group consisted of ex offenders and people leaving care. According to Giddens (2001), Social theory includes concepts on conflict and class, as well as theories to help make clear the reasons for behaviour and how people develop. Durkheim, Weber and Marx are all founders of social theory and analysed how societies functioned in the attempt to make sense of social problems and behaviours. The most important learning curve for me this year is that Social Work is bursting with theories, laws and guidance with a purpose to make our work more professional for those using the service. However, I found that actually putting everything I have learned into practice proved to be more difficult than I had anticipated. And at times, it seemed almost impossible and meaningless. From my observations whilst on placement at the hostel it became obvious that there are many reasons for not putting these theories into practice. The main reason was resources and constraints due to funding cuts. But I also witnessed sloppiness and lack of anti discriminatory practice from senior members of the hostel staff. I had to question one occasion involving Kevin, (a service user at this hostel) , when I was asked if I would deliver a pre written warning form the manager, to Kevin for using drugs in front of the other service users. I knew that Kevin is not very well thought of in the hostel, because of his attitude; there were times when he has really tried the patients of the staff, including my-self.   But after reading the warning letter, I felt that I had to voice my concerns. In my opinion the letter was discriminating because all the residents who use drugs, did so in front of each other, so why single him out. This resulted in the warning not being given and a feeling of irritation towards me from the cluster manager. I feel that, anti discrimination and anti oppressive practice are some of the main underpinning principles of anyone working in the field of social work. The British Association of Social Workers (BASW), state in their definition of social work, the encouragement of â€Å"social change and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being†.   People from all social groups can experience abuse or oppression of some form or another, and I feel that the above definition suggests that a role of social work is to help protect vulnerable people against abuse. The expressions â€Å"oppression† and â€Å"discrimination† are sometimes used interchangeably. However, Thompson (1997) describes discrimination as â€Å"prejudicial behaviour acting against the interests of those people who characteristically belong to relatively powerless groups, it is a matter of social formation as well as individual or group behaviour†. Thompson goes on to say that oppression and discrimination involves â€Å"hardship and injustice brought about by the dominance of one group over another; the negative and demeaning exercise of power.† Empowerment and partnership have also appeared to me as problematic areas of work. This is because I have been attempting to link the theory learned at University, which includes, empowerment and partnership amongst others, and put them into practice whilst on my placement. As a result, I personally experienced the problems that have to be overcome in order to work productively with these concepts, such as one problem I encountered when working with Barry, (a service user at the hostel) was the support worker from his previous hostel, and part of the same agency, had contacted me to see how things where progressing, she then disclosed details of our private conversation back to Barry who then turned to me asking why people have been talking about him. In my opinion professional boundaries hade been broken and inter agency working or partnership was not beneficial in this case, especially when Barry told me that he had been out drinking with this previous support worker and that he ha s gone back to her house afterwards. I felt that this is a direct contradiction to the Code of Practice that we are supposed to abide by. Observing others and how they deal with similar difficulties and a fixed consciousness of how I was working on placement by the means of my reflective diary was a very useful way to assess whether I was effectively using the concepts of partnership and empowerment. Theory has taught me that the concept of partnership (a theory discussed in the module, planning care for adults) does not comprised of a one method or technique but a term that has a range of meanings, Partnership is a fundamental part of anti-discriminatory practice, and for a long time social workers have put great emphasis on enabling and empowering people and avoiding dependency. But the need for clarity, whilst on placement made the term, partnership, more meaningless with no real significance at all. The principles of Social Work can be seen in many different ways and what one sees as partnership working, another may not. As a result, there did not seem to be any tangible way of working towards partnership with the service users at the hostel. This made it complicated for me at the start of the placement as observing others using their own interpretation of partnership made me feel very confused as they all worked towards it in different ways, if at all. I consequently, had to find my own way of working to encourage partnership working. I evaluated the route I took with each client by means of the way I worked with them and their feedback, as well as by means of the supervision sessions with my Practice Teacher. Partnership is all about promoting the self esteem and self determination of a service user. This will increase their sense of power and control over their own lives. Working in partnership involves challenging oppression to allow service-users to be in charge of of their environment by understanding and addressing the causes of the problems in a collaboration between client and worker. This will eventually promote inclusion.   Partnership working will create â€Å"active participants rather than passive recipients† (Thompson, 2007). What I found in the hostel, was that service users didn’t really have any say in what activities they did. One of these activities was making Christmas cards and this was understandably of no interest to the young males aged sixteen to thirty, who where resident at this time. I heard one of the service users describe this activity as â€Å"just like being a kid at school†. The hostel staff saw this as attitude issues; however I thought it was fare comment. According to, Marsh (2003), â€Å"Partnership does not imply an equality of power, or an equality of work†. The hostel staff were predictably involved in the use of authority, this is not a barrier to empowerment or working in partnership, provided that this power is not misused, however, telling the service users that â€Å"if they worked for three days making Christmas cards, they would receive a one day gym pass† seemed like coercion.   I feel that, It was not for the staff to use their power to coerce service users into following a particular course of action, but to â€Å"use such power constructively in identifying and working towards agreed goals as part of a process of partnership† (Stepney and Ford 2000).Service users in this situation must feel that their input and choice of activity is not considered. In my opinion service users can make a significant contribution in terms of their experience and knowledge of their situation; we should recognize their problem solving abilities rather than seeing them in terms of the problems they bring. This involves being able to â€Å"use power to empower† and the â€Å"use of power should be the exception rather than the rule† (Thompson, 2007). Involving service-users as much as possible will facilitate social work in becoming a procedure whereby the worker does things with people rather than to them.(Thompson, 2007). Beckett (2006) in his book â€Å"Essential Theory for Social Work Practice† states that one of the ways in which we can make sure that the service-user remains the main focus is to involve them in shaping the service itself. According to Braye (2000), there are times when this can occur. One such time is when the service user is involved in their own service. The personal support plan is a written agreement that is carried out within the first week of residency at the hostel. This involves a member of staff and the service user identifying the individual needs of the particular person. for instance, their need for outside agencies such as counseling support, their needs regarding change of doctors or dentist and their needs for maximizing benefit claims This is very beneficial because every service user that comes into the hostel has specific needs relating to their own particular circumstances. The personal support plan allows the service user to fully contribute in tailoring the support to their specific needs. Braye, goes on to say that another element is a service user’s involvement in group work. Group work theory was one of the main theories I witnessed and used on placement. Pierson and Thomas (2002) state that, â€Å"Group work is a range of activities†¦that can enable individuals and groups to develop problem solving skills to address both their own concerns and those of the wider community.† There are several areas in which group work therapy is used, and which have varying levels of success.   According to Coulshed and Orme (1998) these can consist of, educational and recreational groups, group counselling and self help groups.   They can all have different themes but most will grow in very similar ways.   Interpersonal skills are an important tool when working with groups and some of the main skills that are used within this are effective verbal communication, active listening and willing participation within the group (Coulshed and Orme 1998). The group work sessions I was involved in were mostly informal/social group settings such as cooking, games and quiz nights. What I mean by informal, is that it didnt fit any formal therapeutic group work theory and had no formal structure. Informal group work is mainly for sharing views and knowledge in a social/fun setting of individuals located within the same organisation. The benefits of informal group work are that it is a more relaxed, social atmosphere with no hard fixed meeting time. This can make attendance higher as it is a non threatening social setting. Group work of this kind can help Developing service users knowledge and generic skills, such as communication skills, collaborative skills, critical skills and attitudes towards diversity. Group work can also develop person’s abilities through the â€Å"interplay† of different personalities and increase their desire to socialise (BASW). I found that being able to verbalise issues within the setting of the group helped in producing confidence and allowed self expression in the service users. Actively listening too the group can also encourage the growth of more ideas and promote further discussions from other members present. Active listening is a way of communicating that makes others feel understood and confident to express themselves more honestly. This involves (amongst other things) good eye contact, repeating back what they have said and sitting in an un-oppressive position.   (Cournoyer 2008). Another form of group work is the formal group activity.   When I was on placement at the hostel there were always, four males and two females resident. The same two females had remained, whilst the males have changed. There was a lot of sexual activity at the hostel with the residents constantly changing partners. Kevin, (who I referred to earlier in this essay) is HIV positive and has Hepatitis C. Dale (a resident at the hostel) told us that she had intercourse with Kevin and with all the other male residents and that all the male resident have had intercourse with Ellie, (the other female resident). This information, along with the binge drinking problem with all the residents prompted a sexual health and alcohol awareness day to promote the dangers of STIs and binge drinking to the residents. Konopka (1963) describes group work as a method of social work that is used in order to help people enhance their social awareness through focused group experiences and to cope more successfully with their personal or community problems. This definition shows a pattern within group work of helping people with problems. Brown (1994) provides a modernised and more comprehensive definition of group work He states that â€Å"Group work provides a context in which individuals help each other; it is a method of helping groups as well as helping individuals; and it can enable individuals and groups to influence and change personal, group, organisational and community problems†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Brown 1994) During feedback from the ,sexual health awareness presentation, I gave to the service users from two hostels,   it was stated by my practice teacher that my verbal communication skills were very good, and that I was able to generate good ideas, good service user involvement as well as being quite a motivational speaker. Task centred practice was another theory used by the agency that I was placed in; it was useful in range of settings such as counselling, education and self help. The theory of task centred practice was first discovered in the United States by Reid and Shyne (1969). Task centred intervention was brought about through the responses opposed to psychodynamic theories as this method was a long time consuming process that often lead to dependency. Task centred intervention is similar to crisis intervention, as in, it can be seen as planed or predictable. In the early 1990s task centred work was originally used in family and group casework.   (Marsh and Doel 1992) As a concept emerging in the 1960s, task centred practice is comparatively new in comparison to some other social work methods. Previous to the carrying out of task-centred practice, many service users received long term intervention and Social workers focused on feelings rather than action.   Buckle, (1981) in Coulshed Orme (1998) state that: â€Å" some clients received help for years and compulsive care-giving by helpers often resulted in the difficulties of becoming the responsibility and ‘property’ of the worker.†Ã‚  Ã‚   This form of intervention could possibly lead to â€Å"learned-helplessness†. This is another theory and describes what happens when the service user becomes dependant on the social worker and discards the concept of them fending for or helping themselves. M, Payne (1997) refers to research carried out by Seligman (1975). Seligman’s theory of ‘learned helplessness’ was discovered through his experimentation on animals and humans. He discovered that people with low expectations produced little results. Seligman states that, â€Å"their capacity to learn useful behaviour in other situations becomes impaired. People lose motivation, become anxious and depressed and poor at thinking.† One common assumption with the term â€Å"task centred† is that the social worker does the tasks, such as phoning other professionals for the service user, but this is not the case. The focus of task centred practice should be on empowering the service user to do these tasks themselves in a set time scale.   Couldshed and Orme (1998) state that, â€Å" task-centred practice, also known as brief therapy, short-term or contract work has had a significant impact on both social work practice and the organisation of services†. Service user participation is the key to task centred practice, but on the other hand, the service user may be unwilling to participate. This may possibly be due to court orders, where the service user has little choice but to follow the conditions set by the court or they will face prosecution. Under these circumstances, the client may agree to the situation but possibly reluctant to accept or partake in the process  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (M. Payne 1997). If this was the case, then a task-centred approach may be unsuccessful and another approach such as person centred could be more suitable (Dole Marsh 1992). A service user could also appear unwilling to take part because of their preconceptions of social workers. We would also have to consider the attitude of an individual social worker. If the social worker appears defensive or appears to be unaware of the power imbalance then the service user may also be reluctant to participate. Social workers also need an understanding of their own feelings and underlying prejudices and values before attempting to explore the interpersonal skills involved in building up client worker relationships. Reid (1992) suggests that: â€Å" only acknowledged problems offer necessary degree of partnership.† To conclude this assignment, I have discussed the different theories I learned about in University and practiced on placement. Social work involves changes to procedures, knowledge and legislation. So many failings with cases in the past have provoked changes and many of these are involved with making social workers more capable of justifying their work. This is done consecutively to minimise harm caused to service users, our organisation and ourselves. Social work is a profession categorised by risk, uncertainty and difficulty and as a result, we need theory, awareness and a sound knowledge of our values and ethics to enable us be accountable and proficient in our practice. Theories, values and ethics permit us to assess our practice and to reflect on it, in order to help us be more accountable and be able to justify our actions when helping others.   (Maclean, Harrison 2009) References Beckett, C. (2006) Essential Theory for Social Work Practice. England: Sage Publications Ltd. Brayne, S. and Preston Shoot, M. (1995) Empowering Practice in Social Care. Great Britain: Open University Press. Brown, A. (1994). Group work 3rd Edition. Ashgate Publishing: Great Yarmouth Code of Ethics for Social Work, www.basw.co.uk. Viewed on 22/04/2011 Cournoyer, B (2008) The Social Work Skills Work Book (5th Ed). Belmont: Thomson higher education. Coulshed, V. and Orme, J. (1998). Social Work Practice an Introduction, 3rd Edition, New York: Palgrave. Dignan, J. Marsh, P. (2003) Restorative Justice and Family Group conferences in England: Current State and Future Prospects’, in McLaughlin, E. Fergusson, R. Giddens, A. (2001) Sociology, 4th ed. Polity Press:  Cambridge. Doel, M. and Marsh, P. (1992).   Task-Centred Social Work. Aldershot: Ashgate. Hughes, G. Westmarland, L. (Eds) Restorative Justice: Critical Issues.London: Sage Publications Ltd. Payne, M (2005) Modern Social Work Theory. 3rd Edition Basingstoke: Palgrave Pierson, J. and Thomas, M. (2002). Collins Dictionary of Social Work, 2nd Edition Great Britain: HarperCollins Publishers Limited. Reid and Shyne (1969). The origins of case work, iriss.org.uk. viewed 04/05/2011 Maclean, S and Harrison, R. (2009), Theory Practice A Straightforward Guide For Social work Students. Rugeley: Kirwin Maclean Associates Limited. Thompson, N. (1997).   Anti-Discriminatory Practice, 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Stepney, P. and Ford, D. (2000) Social Work Models, Methods and Theories. England: Russell House Publishing